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Fiddler on the Roof
''Fiddler on the Roof'' is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in 1905. It is based on ''Tevye and his Daughters'' (or ''Tevye the Dairyman'') and other tales by Sholem Aleichem. The story centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family's lives. He must cope both with the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters, who wish to marry for love – each one's choice of a husband moves further away from the customs of his faith – and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from their village.
The original Broadway production of the show, which opened in 1964, had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances. ''Fiddler'' held the record for the longest-running Broadway musical for almost 10 years until ''Grease'' surpassed its run. It remains Broadway's sixteenth longest-running show in history. The production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed. It won nine Tony Awards, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography. It spawned four Broadway revivals and a highly successful 1971 film adaptation, and the show has enjoyed enduring international popularity. It is also a very popular choice for school and community productions.〔''TIME magazine'' reported in its May 26, 2008, issue, p. 51, that this musical ranked as the seventh most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007.〕
==Background==
''Fiddler on the Roof'' is based on ''Tevye and his Daughters'' (or ''Tevye the Dairyman''), a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914, and is also influenced by ''Life Is with People'', by Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog.〔Joselit, Jenna Weissman. ("''Fiddler on the Roof'' Distorted Sholem Aleichem" ), ''The New Republic'', June 7, 2014, accessed November 3, 2014〕 Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death, but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s. In the late 1950s, a musical based on the stories, called ''Tevye and his Daughters'', was produced Off-Broadway by Arnold Perl.〔Solomon, Alisa. ("How ''Fiddler'' Became Folklore" ), ''The Jewish Daily Forward'', September 1, 2006, accessed January 29, 2015〕 Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing the musical to Broadway but dropped the idea.〔Brustein, Robert. "Fiddle Shtick", ''The New York Review of Books'', December 18, 2014, vol. 61, No. 20, pp. 82–83〕
Investors and some in the media worried that the show might be considered "too Jewish" to attract mainstream audiences. Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized, "middlebrow" and superficial; Philip Roth, writing in ''The New Yorker'', called it ''shtetl kitsch''. For example, it portrays the characters of the local Russian officer and Fyedka as sympathetic, instead of brutal and cruel, as Sholom Aleichem had described them. Aleichem's stories ended with Tevye alone, his wife dead and his daughters scattered; in ''Fiddler'', the family ends up together, emigrating with hope to America.〔〔 The show found the right balance for its time, even if not entirely authentic, to became "one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry."〔 Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director/choreographer Jerome Robbins.〔(''Fiddler on the Roof'' ). Additional Facts, MTI, accessed May 6, 2010〕 The writers and Robbins considered naming the musical ''Tevye'', before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall that also inspired the original set design. Contrary to popular belief, the "title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting".〔Wecker, Menachem. ("Marc Chagall: The French painter who inspired the title ''Fiddler on the Roof''" ), ''The Washington Post'', October 24, 2014〕 During rehearsals, one of the stars, Zero Mostel, feuded with Robbins, for whom he had contempt because Robbins had testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and was a closeted Jew, while Mostel was publicly proud of his heritage. Other cast members also had run-ins with Robbins, who reportedly "abused the cast, drove the designers crazy () strained the good nature of Hal Prince".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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